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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Error reporting in git</h1>
<span id="revdate"></span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>BUG</code>, <code>bug</code>, <code>die</code>, <code>usage</code>, <code>error</code>, and <code>warning</code> report errors of
various kinds.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<code>BUG</code> is for failed internal assertions that should never happen,
  i.e. a bug in git itself.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>bug</code> (lower-case, not <code>BUG</code>) is supposed to be used like <code>BUG</code> but
  prints a "BUG" message instead of calling <code>abort()</code>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A call to <code>bug()</code> will then result in a "real" call to the <code>BUG()</code>
function, either explicitly by invoking <code>BUG_if_bug()</code> after call(s)
to <code>bug()</code>, or implicitly at <code>exit()</code> time where we&#8217;ll check if we
encountered any outstanding <code>bug()</code> invocations.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If there were no prior calls to <code>bug()</code> before invoking <code>BUG_if_bug()</code>
the latter is a NOOP. The <code>BUG_if_bug()</code> function takes the same
arguments as <code>BUG()</code> itself. Calling <code>BUG_if_bug()</code> explicitly isn&#8217;t
necessary, but ensures that we die as soon as possible.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you know you had prior calls to <code>bug()</code> then calling <code>BUG()</code> itself
is equivalent to calling <code>BUG_if_bug()</code>, the latter being a wrapper
calling <code>BUG()</code> if we&#8217;ve set a flag indicating that we&#8217;ve called
<code>bug()</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is for the convenience of APIs who&#8217;d like to potentially report
more than one "bug", such as the optbug() validation in
parse-options.c.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>die</code> is for fatal application errors.  It prints a message to
  the user and exits with status 128.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>usage</code> is for errors in command line usage.  After printing its
  message, it exits with status 129.  (See also <code>usage_with_options</code>
  in the <a href="api-parse-options.html">parse-options API</a>.)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>error</code> is for non-fatal library errors.  It prints a message
  to the user and returns -1 for convenience in signaling the error
  to the caller.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>warning</code> is for reporting situations that probably should not
  occur but which the user (and Git) can continue to work around
  without running into too many problems.  Like <code>error</code>, it
  returns -1 after reporting the situation to the caller.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>These reports will be logged via the trace2 facility. See the "error"
event in <a href="api-trace2.html">trace2 API</a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_customizable_error_handlers">Customizable error handlers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The default behavior of <code>die</code> and <code>error</code> is to write a message to
stderr and then exit or return as appropriate.  This behavior can be
overridden using <code>set_die_routine</code> and <code>set_error_routine</code>.  For
example, "git daemon" uses set_die_routine to write the reason <code>die</code>
was called to syslog before exiting.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_library_errors">Library errors</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Functions return a negative integer on error.  Details beyond that
vary from function to function:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Some functions return -1 for all errors.  Others return a more
  specific value depending on how the caller might want to react
  to the error.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Some functions report the error to stderr with <code>error</code>,
  while others leave that for the caller to do.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
errno is not meaningful on return from most functions (except
  for thin wrappers for system calls).
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Check the function&#8217;s API documentation to be sure.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_caller_handled_errors">Caller-handled errors</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>An increasing number of functions take a parameter <em>struct strbuf *err</em>.
On error, such functions append a message about what went wrong to the
<em>err</em> strbuf.  The message is meant to be complete enough to be passed
to <code>die</code> or <code>error</code> as-is.  For example:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>if (ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &amp;err))
        die("%s", err.buf);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>err</em> parameter will be untouched if no error occurred, so multiple
function calls can be chained:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>t = ref_transaction_begin(&amp;err);
if (!t ||
    ref_transaction_update(t, "HEAD", ..., &amp;err) ||
    ret_transaction_commit(t, &amp;err))
        die("%s", err.buf);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>err</em> parameter must be a pointer to a valid strbuf.  To silence
a message, pass a strbuf that is explicitly ignored:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>if (thing_that_can_fail_in_an_ignorable_way(..., &amp;err))
        /* This failure is okay. */
        strbuf_reset(&amp;err);</code></pre>
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Last updated
 2025-06-13 22:14:31 UTC
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Your Access Expired	Date. in : 22-10-2025
Regist : 09-12-2024	Expired : 01-12-2027